Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China's Southwest Borders

http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/eadafc.af008001 Sara L. M. Davis Collection on Tai Lüe Culture AFC 2006/004 Prepared by Sarah Bradley Leighton and Charlotte Cushman American Folklife Center, Library of Congress

Washington, D.C.

August 2008 Guides to the Collections in the Archive of Folk Culture

Catalog Record: http://lccn.loc.gov/2008700350

Encoded by Nora Yeh, October 2008 ; Revised by Nora Yeh Finding aid written in English August 2009 Nora Yeh Collection Summary AFC 2006/004 Sara L. M. Davis Collection on Tai Lüe Culture 1997-2005 Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center Library of Congress

Washington, D.C.

5 linear feet (6 boxes) including 17 folders of manuscripts (est. 400 pp.), 25 folders of graphic images (1,166 images), 74 sound recordings, 19 video recordings, and 31 artifacts. Total approximately 1690 items. Davis, Sara L. M. (Sara Leila Margaret), 1967- English, Lü language, Chinese Collection of ethnographic field recordings, photographs, and manuscripts documenting Tai Lüe religious rituals; oral narrative traditions; popular songs; poetry; performances for tourists; interviews with poets and singers; and some local audio and video recordings collected in Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna), Yunnan Province, China, by anthropologist Sara L. M. Davis from 1997 to 2005 for her dissertation, published as Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China’s Southwest Borders, Columbia University Press, 2005. The collection includes some materials documenting Tai people and traditions in Burma. Scope and Content

This ethnographic collection is based on the original field work that anthropologist Sara L. M. Davis conducted in Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna in Chinese), Yunnan Province, China, and in Kengtung, Shang State, Burma [Myanmar], between 1997 and 2003. The multi-format materials in this collection document Tai Lüe religious rituals, epic oral narratives, popular songs and performances for tourists, as well as interviews with oral poets and popular singers. They consist of her field notes, audio and video recordings, graphic images in the form of photographs and slides, and books published in Yunnan. This research formed the basis of Davis’s book, Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China's Southwest Borders (Columbia University Press, 2005). Davis originally traveled to China's southwest borders to conduct doctoral research on ethnic minority folklore, focusing primarily on oral narrative poetry, known as Tai Lüe changkhap or skilled chants. (As used by Davis, changkhap may refer to the genre or to the performers or singers of changkhap.) She was based in the subtropical area of Sipsongpanna in the southwestern region of China, bordering Burma and Laos. Davis lived in Jinghong, the capital of this region, from 1997 to 1998 and made subsequent visits to the area through 2003.

The political challenges of being in a border region of China were immediately evident, and Davis found that many people were initially reluctant to speak openly with her. Instead, she encountered government-sanctioned performances that were marketed primarily to tourists and did not reflect the traditions she had come to document. Davis's field notes offer considerable detail about her experiences staying in monasteries, attending local festivals, and making connections with people in the area. Her search for oral storytellers revealed a growing underground ethnic revival movement. The efforts of young Tai Lüe monks and activists were helping to fuel a resurgence of Tai Lüe Buddhism and an increasing interest in their language and cultural traditions.

The manuscript portion of the collection includes photocopies of Davis's field notes from September 1997 through July 1998; photo, audio, and video logs; song texts in Tai Lüe with some transcriptions into English; articles by Ai No; concert posters (1998); a 2001 calendar, and Davis's book, Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China's Southwest Borders (Columbia University Press, 2005). In addition, 47 volumes of publications (1980-2004) were donated with the collection. There are a total of 1,166 graphic images, including 981 3"x5" color photographs, 184 35-mm color slides, and 1 black-and-white photograph, primarily of temples, festivals and ceremonies, and local scenery. Sara Davis took 397 of the color photographs between 1997 and 2001. Wilson Wong took 583 photographs and all 184 of the slides, showing the seventeenth-century temple, Wat Pan Gaew, and the eighth-century temple, Wat Gang, both of which are in Meng Lian. The images are exterior and interior views of the temple, including murals, architectural details, and the living quarters of the monks.

The sound recordings consist of 68 audiocassette tapes, 2 microcassettes, and 2 CDs. They document Tai Lüe religious rituals, epic oral narratives, popular songs, local festivals, and performances for tourists, as well as conference proceedings and interviews with oral poets and popular singers. The majority of the materials are in Tai Lüe, although some are in Chinese and some are in English. Thirty-one of these are Davis's field recordings, two are field recordings by other people, thirty-four are commercially produced, and seven of them are from what is known as the "grey market," tapes that had been previously recorded and were purchased at local markets, but they were not necessarily professionally produced. These recordings include those that were purchased at a stall in the Meng Hun Sunday morning market; those that were purchased at the Tai New Year festivities; and Tai language popular music from Burma, mostly 1970s era; and changkhap, which Davis bought in a Gasa shop in the town center. Many of the commercially produced materials were published by the Yunnan Music Video Publishing House and produced by the literary arts bureau of the TV station; some were produced by the Chinese government, and a number are recordings of Tai Lüe music that were given to Davis by Tai Lüe people in Yunnan.

The moving images are comprised of 12 videocassettes of various sizes and 9 VCDs ["Video Compact Disks" containing moving pictures and sound]. The majority of the videocassettes are Davis's recordings of religious rituals, festivals, and a tourist dance show. There are 8 commercial recordings, and 2 tapes of Davis being interviewed by the staff of the American Folklife Center in 2005. The artifacts in the collection are a bamboo flute with metal reed, woven Tai Lüe cloth, and a bundle of handmade wax candles.

The original notes and headings used by Sara Davis have been transcribed in the finding aid. Researchers should be aware that this finding aid uses both of the English transliteration forms for the region in which Davis conducted her research - Sipsongpanna, the Tai Lüe transliteration into English; and Xishuangbanna, the Chinese transliteration into English. The Library of Congress authority heading is Xishuangbanna, but Davis uses both forms of the transliteration in her field notes and on her folder headings. In her published book, Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China's Southwest Borders, she made the editorial decision to use the Tai Lüe transliteration, Sipsongpanna.

Similarly, Tai and Dai, both forms of the English transliteration of the Chinese cultural group, are used in this collection and finding aid. Tai is the Tai language transliteration into English and Dai is the Chinese transliteration into English. The Lü language, the Library of Congress authority heading for the language represented in this collection, is also known as the Lüe language and the Tai Lü language. Davis uses Tai Lüe for both the language and the people.

Biographical History

Sara M. L. Davis earned her Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in East Asian Studies and in Folklore and Folklife. She conducted field research in Xishuangbanna, China in 1997-1998, and has returned several times since then. She has been affiliated with Yale University and University of California, Los Angeles, where she was a visiting scholar, and she was formerly a researcher for Human Rights Watch on China. Davis has contributed to publications including Far Eastern Economic Review, the Wall Street Journal, International Herald Tribune, and Modern China. She is currently the executive director of Asia Catalyst and lives in New York City.

Selected Search Terms

The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein.

People Davis, Sara L. M. (Sara Leila Margaret), 1967- collector. Subjects Buddhist architecture--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou--Photographs. Buddhist temples--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou--Photographs. Ethnographic films--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou. Field recordings--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou. Lü language--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou. Oral tradition--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou. Popular music--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou. Tai (Southeast Asian people)--Burma--Social life and customs. Tai (Southeast Asian people)--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou--Poetry. Tai (Southeast Asian people)--China--Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou--Social life and customs. Places Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou (China)--Ethnic relations. Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou (China)--Folklore. Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou (China)--Social life and customs. Form/Genre Ethnography. Interviews. Photographs. Sound recordings. Videocassettes. Arrangement

The collection has been arranged by format into the following series: Manuscripts, Graphic Images, Sound Recordings, Moving Images, and Artifacts. Davis kept a detailed log of her photographs, sound and video recordings, and her original order has been preserved, although unique AFC ID numbers have been assigned to individual items. She assigned numbers to the photographs she herself took according to a system of "P" followed by a Roman numeral. This numbering system has been used to label each folder of photographs, but individual prints have been labeled using AFC ID numbers (PH0001, PH0002, etc.). Davis also used her own system to label sound recordings, using "AU," followed by sequential letters of the alphabet, and numbers to indicate multiple items within a given series (for example, AU-M1, AU-M2, etc. are a series of narrative legends that were purchased from the television station in Yunnan). While this order has been preserved, AFC has assigned ID numbers, SR01, SR02, etc. Davis used "V" followed by a number to organize moving images; and AFC has retained the numbers but used the preface "MV."

Access

Listening and viewing access to the collection is unrestricted. Physical access to the collection is available at the Folklife Reading Room of the American Folklife Center. Restrictions may apply concerning the use, duplication, or publication of items in this collection. Consult a reference librarian in the Folklife Reading Room for specific information about this collection.

Duplication of the collection materials may be governed by copyright and other restrictions. Please refer to the AFC web site for information on ordering copies of unpublished recordings ( http://www.loc.gov/folklife/recordering.html) and photographic materials ( http://www.loc.gov/folklife/photo_ordering.html).

Acquisition

Sara L. M. Davis donated this collection to the American Folklife Center on February 28, 2006. The collection was initially processed by Sarah Bradley Leighton in the spring of 2006, continued by Judy Ng and Charlotte Cushman in November 2007. The finding aid begun in 2006 has been completed and encoded in 2008 by Nora Yeh.

Preferred Citation

Sara L. M. Davis Collection on Tai Lüe Culture (AFC 2006/004), Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Related Materials

Davis, Sara L. M., Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China's Southwest Borders. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

Benjamin Botkin Lecture Series, Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China's Southwest Borders, lecture by Sara L. M. Davis (AFC 2005/041) December 13, 2005.

Collection Concordance by Format Quantity Physical Extent (original) Location Item Numbers Manuscript Materials 17 folders AFC Boxes 1&2 Graphic Images 981 3x5 color photographs AFC Boxes 2&3 184 35 mm color slides AFC Box 3 1 black-and-white photograph AFC Box 2 Sound Recordings 68 audiocassettes AFC Boxes 4&5 2 microcassettes AFC Boxes 4&5 2 CDs AFC Box 5 Moving Images 9 Hi-8 videocassettes, color, sound AFC Box 5 2 Mini-DV videocassettes, color, sound AFC Box 5 1 VHS videocassette, color, sound AFC Box 5 9 VCDs, color, sound AFC Box 5 Artifacts 1 flute AFC AR01, Box 6 1 Tai Lüe textile AFC AR02, Box 6 29 handmade wax candles AFC AR03, Box 6

http://lccn.loc.gov/2008700350 Collection Inventory Manuscripts

1 01 Finding Aid for this collection.

1 02 Field Notes I. September 1997 - November 20, 1997.

Photocopy of the first field notebook kept by Sara Davis. 160 pages.

1 03 Field Notes II. December 1997 - February 21, 1998

Photocopy of the second field notebook kept by Sara Davis. 169 pages.

1 04 Field Notes III. February 21, 1998 - April 1998.

Photocopy of the third field notebook kept by Sara Davis. 239 pages.

1 05 Field Notes IV. May 1998 - July 1998.

Photocopy of the fourth field notebook kept by Sara Davis. 197 pages.

1 06 Photograph, Video, Audio Logs. September 1997 - July 1998.

Photocopy of the logs kept by Sara Davis to record the contents, date, and location of field photographs, and collected videos and audio recordings. 96 pages.

1 07 Song text - Aye (Bo) Saut. "Dharma in ten lives." Undated.

Song text written in Tai Lüe with English notes and translations. 11 pages.

1 08 Song Text - Aye (Bo) Saut. "Man's explanation of city-state." Undated.

Song text written in Tai Lüe with English notes and translations. 11 pages.

1 09 Transcribed song lyrics - Khanan Zhuai. "Praise for prince." Undated.

Transcribed song lyrics written in Tai Lüe with English notes and translations. 4 pages.

1 10 Transcribed song lyrics - Sithat Auk Boht. From 1998 recording. Undated.

Transcribed song lyrics written in Tai Lüe with English notes and translations. 28 pages.

1 11 Articles - Ai No. Circa 1997-1998.

Photocopies of articles written in Chinese and Tai Lüe by author, Ai No, expert on Tai Lüe culture and folklore. 186 pages.

1 12 Concert Posters - Sai Sang Mao, Xishaungbanna, 1998.

Advertising a concert in Xishaungbanna of Sai Sang Mao, a famous Burmese Tai performer. 7 pages.

1 13 Calendar by Wat Pajay in Sipsongbanna, 2001.

Monthly flip calendar for the year 2001 printed in Chinese and Tai Lüe with photographs. 7 pages.

2 14 Davis, Sara L. M. Song and Silence: Ethnic Revival on China's Southwest Borders. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

200 pages.

2 15 Flyers from Sara L. M. Davis Benjamin Botkin Lecture. December 13, 2005.

3 pages.

2 16 Photocopies of covers, title pages, and copyright information page of published material with Chinese translation. 1980-2001.

Item No. 1 - Item No. 20.

Published material is printed in Chinese and Tai Lüe with some English translations. 63 pages.

2 17 Photocopies of covers, title pages, and copyright information page of published material with Chinese translation. 1988-2004.

Item No. 21 - Item No. 47.

Published material is printed in Chinese and Tai Lüe with some English translations. 72 pages.

Graphic Images

[NOTE: Photographs in the PIII, PVII, and PXIII series are not included by donor.]

2 18 PH0001-PH0076: PI. November 1997.

Monk initiation ceremony in Da Menglong, Xishuangbanna.

76 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 19 PH0077-PH0084: PII. October 1997.

Minority Atmosphere Park.

8 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

[NOTE: Photographs in the PIII series are not included by donor.]

2 20 PH0085-PH0102: PIV. December 1997.

Jinghong, general.

18 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 21 PH0103-PH0129: PV. January 1998.

Dai wedding, Dai Singer, Festival, Buddhist parade.

27 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 22 PH0130-PH0136: PVI. February 1998.

Moonshine still near Ganlanba and monk initiation.

7 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

[NOTE: Photographs in the PVII series are not included by donor.]

2 23 PH0137-PH0186: PVIII. February 10, 1998 - February 11, 1998.

Khu ba ceremony in Da Menglong, Xishuangbanna.

50 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 24 PH0187-PH0259: PIX. March 1998.

Temples in Meng Zhe, Xishaungbanna.

73 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 25 PH0260-PH0307: PX. March 11, 1998.

Temples in Meng Lian.

48 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 26 PH0308-PH0318: PXI. March 14, 1998.

Young singers in Ganlanda/Meng Ham, Xishuangbanna.

11 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 27 PH0319-PH0332: PXII. April 14, 1998.

Dragon boat races and song texts.

14 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

[NOTE: Photographs in the PXIII series are not included by donor.]

2 28 PH0333-PH0358: PXIV. January 1999.

Kunming Nationalities Theme Park.

26 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 29 PH0359-PH0368: PXV. June 1998.

Construction of Jinghong superhighway.

10 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

2 30 PH0369-PH0404. June 2001.

Tourism and hotel construction.

36 color prints. Photographer: Sara L. M. Davis.

[NOTE: These photographs were not assigned a roman numeral within the previous series.]

2 31 PH0405-PH0409. Former palace of Tai Lüe prince of Kengtung, Burma. Circa 2001. Sara Davis with a singer. June 1998.

4 color prints. 1 black-and-white photograph.

3 32 PH0410-PH0489. Seventeenth-century temple, Wat Pan Gaew in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. (1 of 2). March 1998.

People, exterior, architectural details of roof, doors, windows.

80 color prints. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 33 PH0490-PH0564. Seventeenth-century temple, Wat Pan Gaew in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. (2 of 2). March 1998.

Exterior windows and walls (writing and parts of murals). Interior pillars, ceiling, writing on wall, kitchen, drums.

75 color prints. Photographer: Wilson Wong

3 34 PH0565-PH0672. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. (1 of 3). March 1998.

Exterior architectural details of roof, doors, windows. Interior pillars, ceiling, area for worship.

108 color prints. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 35 PH0673-PH0776. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. (2 of 3). March 1998.

Exterior pillars and murals.

104 color prints. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 36 PH0777-PH0872. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. (3 of 3). March 1998.

Exterior murals and living quarters.

96 color prints. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 37 PH0873-PH0936. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. (1 of 2). March 1998.

Exterior of buildings, murals, doors. Interior ceilings and pillars.

64 color prints. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 38 PH0937-PH0992. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. (2 of 2). March 1998.

Living quarters and monks.

56 color prints. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 39 PH0993-PH1030. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. March 1998.

Exterior of buildings, roofs, doors, stone carvings.

38 color slides. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 40 PH1031-PH1068. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. March 1998.

Murals.

38 color slides. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 41 PH1069-PH1166. Eighth-century temple, Wat Gang in Meng Lian, Sipsongpanna. March 1998.

Exterior of buildings, murals, windows, doors, ceilings, pillars, stone carving.

98 color slides. Photographer: Wilson Wong.

3 42 Photo documentation accompanying MV 09.

3 43 Photo documentation of artifacts.

Sound Recordings

[NOTE: No AU-I or AU-V assigned by donor.]

4 01 AU-A Yi Guang's Home. October 1997.

Singing, flute.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 02 AU-B Da Menglong Monk Initiation Parties. November 1997.

Performed in homes of young boys undergoing initiation as monks.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 03 AU-C Gasa, Sipsongpanna. January 1998.

Interview and song with Khana Zhuai, Sipsongpanna's most famous singer. (Recorded outside, several translators interpreting. Humming from recorder.)

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 04 AU-D Wat Ba Jie, Jinghong. Temple Tai-language popular music festival, 9-10pm. January 1998.

"New Star" is backup band.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 05 AU-E Continuation of above, 10-11pm. January 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 06 AU-F Continuation of above, 11-12 pm. January 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 07 AU-G Continuation of above, 2nd day, afternoon. January 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 08 AU-H Continuation of above, 2nd day, 9-10 pm. January 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

[NOTE: No AU-I assigned by donor.]

4 09 AU-J Continuation of above, 2nd day, 10-11 pm. January 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 10 AU-K Da Menglong, Sipsongpanna. (1 of 2). February 1998.

Performance by Changkhap.

Competition of two singers on occasion of six monks' ascension to "khu ba" status; performed on temple grounds

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 11 AU-L Da Menglong, Sipsongpanna - continuation. (2 of 2). February 1998.

Performance by Changkhap.

Competition of two singers on occasion of six monks' ascension to "khu ba" status; performed on temple grounds

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 12 AU-M1. Sung by Ai Gaen, Yi Awn, narrative legend (1 of 2). Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 13 AU-M2. Sung by Ai Gaen, Yi Awn, narrative legend (2 of 2). Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 14 AU-M3. Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs].

"Sithat Auk Boht" sung by Yi Guang, Ai Khang Yay - narrative legend.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 15 AU-M4. Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs].

"Wei Sian Tala." Sung by Yi Guang, Ai Sang, and Ai Gaew - narrative legend.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 16 AU-M5. "Nang Gin Bu." - narrative legend (1 of 2). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs].

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 17 AU-M6. "Nang Gin Bu." - narrative legend (2 of 2). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs].

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 18 AU-M7 "Nang Gin Bu." Sung by Ai Kham Lust, Yi Guang Nuoy, Yi Diew (1 of 2). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs].

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 19 AU-M8 "Nang Gin Bu." Sung by Ai Kham Lust, Yi Guang Nuoy, Yi Diew (2 of 2). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs].

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 20 AU-M9 Duet-duels. A: Sung by Yi Awn, Ai Kham Yay. B: Sung by Yi Guang Nuoy, Yi Diew. Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 21 AU-M10 Housewarming Songs sung by Yi Guang Nuoy, Ai Khang Yay (1 of 2). Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 22 AU-M11 Housewarming Songs sung by Yi Guang Nuoy, Ai Khang Yay (2 of 2). Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 23 AU-M12 "Zhet Da Pa" sung by Yi Guang, Ai Khang Yay. Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 24 AU-M13 "Ew Da Ho" sung by Ai Kham Lust, Yi Guang. Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 25 AU-M14 "Pam Tai" sung by Ai Khang Yay, Yi Guang. Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 26 AU-M15 "Sipsawug Lai Sii" sung by Ai Khang Yay, Yi Guang. Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette recording.

4 27 AU-M16 "Ga Peut" sung by Ai Kham Lust, Yi Guang. Undated.

Produced by the literary arts bureau of Sipsongpanna People's Broadcasting Corporation.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 28 AU-N Music by Ai Sam with New Star Band; lyrics by Ai Han Liang. Undated.

Recorded in Burma, for Yunnan Audio Visual Production, Co. in cooperation with Wat Ba Jie.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 29 AU-O Bo Saut (flute and singer); Ai Neun Ew (singer); Yi Euy Siang (singer); Yi Siang (singer). March 1998.

Recorded in Ganlanha, Yunnan.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

4 30 AU-P1 Meng Zhe (singer with guitar). Undated.

Purchased at a stall in the Meng Hun Sunday morning market.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 31 AU-P2 Burmese singer with Tai guitar. Undated.

Purchased at a stall in the Meng Hun Sunday morning market.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 32 AU-P3 Burmese singer - popular music - Chye Ju Kaba. Undated.

Purchased at a stall in the Meng Hun Sunday morning market.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 33 AU-P4. Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs]. Changkhap with Tai violin.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 34 AU-P5. Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs]. Changkhap with guitar.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 35 AU-P6. Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs]. Changkhap with guitar.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 36 AU-P7. Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna). Undated.

Series Title: Minzu Yishu Zhi Hua: Minge. [Flowers of Ethnic Arts: Folksongs] Tai Zu Minge [Tai Ethnic Folksongs]. Changkhap with erhu/violin.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

4 37 AU-Q Ai Kham Ngeun. Interview regarding Tai popular music. March 1998.

60-minute microcassette field recording.

5 38 AU-R1 Tai Love Songs (male/female duet/duels with erhu). Undated.

Purchased at Tai New Year Festivities.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 39 AU-R2 Tai Lüe group songs with guitar. Undated.

[Taped over English course tape]. Purchased at Tai New Year Festivities.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 40 AU-S1 Wat Ba Jie. New Year's Concert at Temple (9-10 pm) (1 of 3). Ma Ha Liang, MC. Ai Kham Ngeun, MC. Various singers. April 1998

Ma Ha Liang, MC. Ai Kham Ngeun, MC. Various singers.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 41 AU-S2 Continuation of above (10-11pm) (2 of 3). April 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 42 AU-S3 Continuation of above (11-12 pm) (3 of 3). April 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 43 AU-T Ga Len. Narrative Song. Undated.

Purchased in Burma.

60-minute audiocassette tape.

5 44 AU-U Aini Folk Songs. April 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape. Field recording by community organizer for German environmental project.

[NOTE: No AU-V assigned by donor.]

5 45 AU-W "Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna) Fengqing Atmosphere." 1992.

Han language songs written and produced by Banna artists in Jinghong, sponsored by state government.

Includes song titles and texts in Chinese.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 46 AU-X1 Zai Sang Mao (Burmese Tai singer). Undated.

Bought in Gasa shop in town center.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 47 AU-X2 Zai Sang Mao (Burmese Tai singer). Undated.

Bought in Gasa shop in town center.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 48 AU-X3 "Heun mai." Undated.

Housewarming songs from Meng Yawng, Burma.

Singers unknown.

Bought in Gasa shop in town center.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 49 AU-X4 "12 Husbands, 12 Wives." Undated.

Sipsawng paw, sipsawng mae - from Meng Yawng, Burma.

Singer unknown.

Bought in Gasa shop in town center.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 50 AU-Y1 Ai Siang Zai [in Chinese] (1 of 2). June 1998.

Interview regarding popular music history in Banna region, Burmese influences, cultural issues, sinification, language, and new popular music movement.

Recorded in temple grounds - background noise of talk, work, chanting, music, drums, etc.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 51 AU-Y2 Continuation of above (2 of 2) June 1998.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 52 AU-Z Mae Zhai Yay (singer), Ai No (reporter), and Sara Davis. June 1998.

Interview regarding changkhap singer's life.

Ganlanba, Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna), Yunnan.

60-minute microcassette field recording.

5 53 AU-AA Dubii Pat - Recital of sutra at Wat Ba Jie. July 1998.

Pan Basangha. The Hunter's Questions.

60-minute audiocassette tape.

Dubii Sing field recording.

5 54 AU-BB1 "My Hometown is the Most Beautiful." 1999.

Recording of Tai Lüe folksongs. Sung by changkhap.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 55 AU-BB9 "Yunnan Minyue: Hulu Si" [Bottle Gourd of Instrument]. Undated.

Titles in Chinese.

CD. Commercial recording.

5 56 AU-BB10 "Music of Small Ethnic Groups in Yunnan II." May 1994.

CD. Commercial recording.

5 57 AU-CC3 Tai popular music by Hsai Mae. Undated.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 58 AU-CC4 Tai popular music by Hsai Mae. Undated.

60-minute audiocassette tape commercial recording.

5 59 AU-CC5 Tai changkhap epic "Nang Gin Bu" (Lady eats crab). Undated.

From Shang State, Burma.

60-minute audiocassette tape.

5 60 AU-CC6 Tai changkhap epic "Nang Gin Bu" (Lady eats crab). Undated.

From Shang State, Burma.

60-minute audiocassette tape.

5 61 AU-CC7 February 2001.

Telephone interview in Tai Lüe and English with singer Hsai Hseng Mao.

Recorded in New Haven, Connecticut.

90-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 62 AU-DD1 Proceedings of conference on ethnic culture in Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna). Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 63 AU-DD2 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 64 AU-DD3 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 65 AU-DD4 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 66 AU-DD5 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 67 AU-DD6 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 68 AU-DD7 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 69 AU-DD8 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 70 AU-DD9 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 71 AU-DD10 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

5 72 AU-DD11 Continuation of above. July 2002.

60-minute audiocassette tape field recording.

Moving Images

5 01 Changkhap songs.

Yi Guang's house. October 1997.

Ganlanba scenery. Man Suan Man temple. November 1997.

Jingha scenery. January 1998.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 02 Ganlanba: Full Moon Festival. January 1998.

Gasa: Ban Gong Mai wedding.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 03 Wat Ba Jie. January 1998.

Annual Festival to celebrate freedom of religion: parade, popular music concert, monk graduation ceremony, etc.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 04 Wat Ba Jie: Monk graduation. January 1998. Temples. March 1998.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 05 Jinghong Water-splashing Festival. (Day One) April 1998.

Dragonboat Races.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 06 Jinghong Water-splashing Festival. (Day Two) April 1998.

Buddhist procession.

Temple festival.

Washing Buddha.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 07 Continuation of above. April 1998.

Rockets.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 08 Monk promotion from "pa" (novices) to "du" (senior monks). June 1998.

Meng Ham (Ban Ling), Ganlanba.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 09 Sipsongpanna State First "Tai Regional Cup" December 1997.

Competition - Tai language, popular song, concert.

VHS videocassette commercial recording.

See Folder 42 for photo documentation of this item

5 10 Tourist dance show at the Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna) Guesthouse. Binguan, China. June 2001.

60-minute Hi-8 videocassette field recording.

5 11 Interview with Sara L. M. Davis, conducted by David Taylor (1 of 2). December 13, 2005.

Mini-DV videocassette.

5 12 Interview with Sara L. M. Davis, conducted by Nora Yeh (2 of 2). December 13, 2005.

Mini-DV videocassette.

5 13 AU-BB2 "Tai Xiang Qing." Undated.

Tai Karaoke with lyric sheet in Tai Lüe and Chinese.

Published by Yunnan Audio Visual Production, Co.

VCD. Commercial recording.

5 14 AU-BB3 "Tai Zimu Ge." Undated.

Tai Karaoke featuring two older changkhap (Yu Guang, Aye Jian) and two younger changkhap (E Anu Xiang or Yu Wen Xiang and Aye Kham Jian) singing fusion.

Tai Lüe changkhap/popular music - includes the song "akhala" or "Tai alphabet."

Song titles and liner notes are in Tai Lüe and Chinese.

CD. Commercial recording.

5 15 AU-BB4 "Taiyu aiqing gechu." 2001.

Tai Karaoke features former monk/songwriter Khanan Lsang (was Maha Liang).

CD. Commercial recording.

5 16 AU-BB5 "Poshui jie de zhufu." Undated.

Tai Karaoke with titles in Tai Lüe and Chinese.

VCD. Commercial recording.

5 17 AU-BB6 "Wodejiaxiang zui meili." [My Hometown is the Most Beautiful.] Undated.

Tai Nationality Folksong singer: Yu Wangnan. Liner notes in English and Chinese.

VCD version of BB1.

VCD. Commercial recording.

5 18 AU-BB7 Untitled videorecording. 1998.

Government-produced for tourists.

VCD. Commercial recording.

5 19 AU-BB8 "Xue Tiao Min Lu Wu." Undated.

For teaching Tai folk dance. Liner notes in Chinese.

VCD. Commercial recording.

5 20 AU-CC1 "Tai VCD Karaoke Vol. 1." 2000.

VCD. Commercial recording.

5 21 AU-CC2 Tai Khun from Kengtung. Undated.

VCD. Commercial recording.

Artifacts

[ See Folder 43 for photo documentation of artifacts in Box 3.]

6 1 Bamboo flute with metal reed.

6 2 Woven Tai Lüe cloth.

6 3 Bundle of 29 handmade wax candles.